Introducing Of Bangladesh বাংলাদেশ

Bangladesh বাংলাদেশ

Bangladesh,[a] officially the People’s Republic of Bangladesh,[b] is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world and among the most densely populated with a population of 170 million in an area of 148,460 square kilometers (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the north, west, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the mountainous Indian state of Sikkim. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation’s political, financial, and cultural Centre. Chittagong is the second-largest city and the busiest port. The official language is Bengali, with Bangladeshi English also used in government.

Bangladesh is part of the historic and ethnolinguistic region of Bengal, which was divided during the Partition of British India in 1947 as the eastern enclave of the Dominion of Pakistan, from which it gained independence in 1971 after a bloody war.[17] The country has a Bengali Muslim majority. Ancient Bengal was known as Gangaridai and was a stronghold of pre-Islamic kingdoms. The Muslim conquest after 1204 led to the sultanate and Mughal periods, during which an independent Bengal Sultanate and wealthy Mughal Bengal transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of British rule. The creation of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. The All-India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka in 1906.[18] The Lahore Resolution in 1940 was supported by A. K. Fazlul Huq, the first Prime Minister of Bengal. The present-day territorial boundary was established with the announcement of the Radcliffe Line.

In 1947, East Bengal became the most populous province in the Dominion of Pakistan and was renamed East Pakistan, with Dhaka as the legislative capital. The Bengali Language Movement in 1952, the 1958 Pakistani coup d’état, and the 1970 Pakistani general election spurred Bengali nationalism and pro-democracy movements. The refusal of the Pakistani military junta to transfer power to the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, triggered the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The Mukti Bahini, aided by India, waged a successful armed revolution; the conflict saw the Bangladeshi genocide. The new state of Bangladesh became a constitutionally secular state in 1972, although Islam was declared the state religion in 1988.[19] In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.[20] The Constitution of Bangladesh officially declares it a socialist state.[21]

A middle power in the Indo-Pacific,[22] Bangladesh is home to the fifth-most spoken native language, the third-largest Muslim-majority population, and the second-largest economy in South Asia. It maintains the third-largest military in the region and is the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping operations.[23] Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic based on the Westminster system. Bengalis make up almost 99% of the population.[24] The country consists of eight divisions, 64 districts, and 495 subdistricts, and includes the world’s largest mangrove forest. Bangladesh hosts one of the largest refugee populations due to the Rohingya genocide.[25] Bangladesh faces challenges like corruption, political instability, overpopulation, and effects of climate change. Bangladesh has twice chaired the Climate Vulnerable Forum and hosts the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) headquarters. It is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Commonwealth of Nations.

 

Geography

Bangladesh is in South Asia on the Bay of Bengal. It is surrounded almost entirely by neighbouring India, and shares a small border with Myanmar to its southeast, though it lies very close to Nepal, Bhutan, and China. The country is divided into three regions. Most of the country is dominated by the fertile Ganges Delta, the largest river delta in the world.[49] The northwest and central parts of the country are formed by the Madhupur and the Barind plateaus. The northeast and southeast are home to evergreen hill ranges.

The Ganges delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name Padma or Pôdda), Brahmaputra (Jamuna or Jomuna), and Meghna rivers and their tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna, finally flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is called the “Land of Rivers”,[50] as it is home to over 57 trans-boundary rivers, the most of any nation-state. Water issues are politically complicated since Bangladesh is downstream of India.

 

Climate

Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladesh’s climate is tropical, with a mild winter from October to March and a hot, humid summer from March to June. The country has never recorded an air temperature below 0 °C (32 °F), with a record low of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) in the northwest city of Dinajpur on 3 February 1905.[56] A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country’s rainfall. Natural calamities, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur almost every year,[57] combined with the effects of deforestation, soil degradation and erosion. The cyclones of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, the latter killing approximately 140,000 people.

In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding in modern history, after which two-thirds of the country went underwater, along with a death toll of 1,000.[59] As a result of various international and national level initiatives in disaster risk reduction, the human toll and economic damage from floods and cyclones have come down over the years.[60] The 2007 South Asian floods ravaged areas across the country, leaving five million people displaced, with a death toll around 500.

 

Bangladesh is considered a middle power in global politics.[91] It plays an important role in the geopolitical affairs of the Indo-Pacific,[92] due to its strategic location between South and Southeast Asia.[93] Bangladesh joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1972 and the United Nations in 1974.[94][95] It relies on multilateral diplomacy on issues like climate change, nuclear nonproliferation, trade policy and non-traditional security issues.[96] Bangladesh pioneered the creation of SAARC, which has been the preeminent forum for regional diplomacy among the countries of the Indian subcontinent.[97] It joined the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in 1974,[98] and is a founding member of the Developing 8 Countries.[99] In recent years, Bangladesh has focused on promoting regional trade and transport links with support from the World Bank.[100] Dhaka hosts the headquarters of BIMSTEC, an organization that brings together countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal.

 

Bangladesh is the second largest economy in South Asia after India.[39][40] The country has outpaced India and Pakistan in terms of per capita income.[41][40] According to the World Bank, “when the newly independent country of Bangladesh was born on December 16, 1971, it was the second poorest country in the world—making the country’s transformation over the next 50 years one of the great development stories. Since then, poverty has been cut in half at record speed. Enrollment in primary school is now nearly universal. Hundreds of thousands of women have entered the workforce. Steady progress has been made on maternal and child health. And the country is better buttressed against the destructive forces posed by climate change and natural disasters. Bangladesh’s success comprises many moving parts—from investing in human capital to establishing macroeconomic stability. Building on this success, the country is now setting the stage for further economic growth and job creation by ramping up investments in energy, inland connectivity, urban projects, and transport infrastructure, as well as focusing on climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness on its path toward sustainable growth.”[167] Bangladesh has made one of the greatest leaps on the Human Development Index among Asian countries. According to UNDP, “Asia and the Pacific has observed the fastest Human Development Index (HDI) progress in the world—with Bangladesh being one of the best performers, moving from an HDI of 0.397 in 1990, the fourth lowest in the region, to a HDI of 0.661 in 2021. Only China had greater improvements in the region over this period”.[168]

Chittagong has the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal.
In 2022, Bangladesh had the second largest foreign-exchange reserves in South Asia. The reserves have boosted the government’s spending capacity despite tax revenues forming only 7.7% of government revenue.[169] A big chunk of investments have gone into the power sector. In 2009, Bangladesh was experiencing daily blackouts several times a day. In 2022, the country achieved 100% electrification.[170][171][172] One of the major anti-poverty schemes of the Bangladeshi government is the Ashrayan Project which aims to eradicate homelessness by providing free housing.[173] The poverty rate has gone down from 80% in 1971,[174] to 44.2% in 1991,[175] to 12.9% in 2021.[36] The literacy rate was 74.66% in 2022.[176] Bangladesh has a labor force of roughly 70 million,[177] which is the world’s seventh-largest; with an unemployment rate of 5.2% as of 2021.[178] The government is setting up 100 special economic zones to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and generate 10 million jobs.[179] The Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA) and the Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA) have been established to help investors in setting up factories; and to complement the longstanding Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA).

The Bangladeshi taka is the national currency. The service sector accounts for about 51.3% of total GDP and employs 39% of the workforce. The industrial sector accounts for 35.1% of GDP and employs 20.4% of the workforce. The agriculture sector makes up 13.6% of the economy but is the biggest employment sector, with 40.6% of the workforce.[169] In agriculture, the country is a major producer of rice, fish, tea, fruits, vegetables, flowers,[180] and jute. Lobsters and shrimps are some of Bangladesh’s well-known exports.

 

The private sector accounts for 80% of GDP compared to the dwindling role of state-owned companies.[182] Bangladesh’s economy is dominated by family-owned conglomerates and small and medium-sized businesses. Some of the largest publicly traded companies in Bangladesh include Beximco, BRAC Bank, BSRM, GPH Ispat, Grameenphone, Summit Group, and Square Pharmaceuticals.[183] Capital markets include the Dhaka Stock Exchange and the Chittagong Stock Exchange. Its telecommunications industry is one of the world’s fastest-growing, with 171.854 million cellphone subscribers in January 2021.[184] Over 80% of Bangladesh’s export earnings come from the garments industry.[8] Other major industries include shipbuilding, pharmaceuticals, steel, ceramics, electronics, and leather goods.[185] Muhammad Aziz Khan became the first person from Bangladesh to be listed as a billionaire by Forbes.

 

Bangladesh Customs is the principal customs agency of Bangladesh. The agency operating under the National Board of Revenue (NBR) is the lead tax collection agency in Bangladesh.[1] NBR is part of the Internal Resources Division (IRD) under the country’s Ministry of Finance. The agency formulates policies concerning the levy and collection of customs duties and related taxes

What is entry in customs?
an official statement of the kinds, amounts, and values of goods that are taken into or out of a country, or the process of doing this: You must sign the customs entry form at the port of entry.

What is the history of customs in Bangladesh?
History. Bangladesh Customs was formed under the National Board of Revenue in 1972 after the Independence of Bangladesh through the Customs Act. In 2016 Bangladesh Customs joined Operation IRENE to stop illegal trafficking of small arms and drugs.

What is the new customs Act in Bangladesh?
The new Customs Act, making electronic scanning mandatory for all imported or exportable goods, will come into operation on 6 June. On 30 May, the Ministry of Finance issued a Statutory Regulatory Order (SRO) to this end. The parliament passed the Act in October 2023.

What are the customs of Bangladesh?
The left hand is reserved for cleaning. It is considered impolite to cross one’s legs or to smoke in the presence of elders. Young people may show respect to older people by touching their feet. Bangladeshis do not commonly queue in crowded public places, such as train stations or shopping centres.

How much is the custom duty in Bangladesh?
Customs Duty (CD) presents tariff rates of 2 to 5% for basic raw materials and capital goods, 10% for intermediate goods, and the top rate of 25% for final goods (mostly on products that are produced domestically) in general.

What are the major functions of Bangladesh customs
Collect revenue at import & export stage. Implement laws and regulation in relation to transnational trade and commerce. Ensure expeditious and hassle free clearance. Prevent illicit trade and smuggling activities.

What is a customs ID?
Customs ID is a central part of the import and export process. It is the unique identification number assigned to each shipment when it is registered in the customs data system.

What is HS code for custom?
HS code is short for Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. It’s a list of numbers used by customs to classify a product. Find out why they’re important and where you can get one.

What is the main purpose of customs?
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country.

What is VAT and AIT in Bangladesh?
Advance Tax imposable value = VAT imposable value. Example: 25% Import Duty (ID), 3% Regulatory Duty (RD), 20% Supplementary Duty (SD), 15% VAT, 3% Advance Tax (AT), 5% Advance Income Tax (AIT) are already levied on import of any goods.

What is the CPC code?
The code is used to determine how your shipment will be processed and how the duties and taxes, if applicable, will be collected. Smooth and timely transportation of goods and products is, more often that not, dependent on the quality of the accompanying paperwork.

What is HS code for custom?
HS code is short for Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. It’s a list of numbers used by customs to classify a product. Find out why they’re important and where you can get one.

What is a 12 digit HS code?
It is known as Harmonized System code or HS code. It’s the foundation of the system used by 212 countries worldwide. While some countries adopt the 6-digits without modifications, most extend it to 7-12 digits to be more precise in their classification

How to check HS code?
You can try the following search types
Text Search. Enter a brief description of the product for which you want to find out the related HS Code e.g. : “mobile phone” , …
HS Code Search. Simply input a valid HS Code like: 7318.16, …
CAS / CUS Number Search. Enter a valid CAS Number (Chemical Abstract Number) like:

What is customs data?
Customs data is a valuable source of such information, as it contains detailed records of the shipments that cross the borders of various countries. Customs data can help you gain insights into market trends, demand patterns, competitors’ activities, and potential opportunities for your business.

What is a tariff number?
A tariff code is a six to ten-digit code that represents a product category in a worldwide classification system used by customs authorities worldwide. Often called a harmonized code or HS code, these numbers are used to classify the contents of imported and exported goods.

 

The tourism industry is expanding, contributing some 3.02% of total GDP.[190] Bangladesh’s international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $391 million.[191] The country has three UNESCO World Heritage Sites (the Mosque City, the Paharpur Buddhist Ruins and the Sundarbans) and five tentative-list sites.[192] Activities for tourists include angling, water skiing, river cruising, hiking, rowing, yachting, and beachgoing.[193][194] The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) reported in 2019 that the travel and tourism industry in Bangladesh directly generated 1,180,500 jobs in 2018 or 1.9% of the country’s total employment.[195] According to the same report, Bangladesh experiences around 125,000 international tourist arrivals per year.[195] Domestic spending generated 97.7 percent of direct travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012.

 

The official and predominant language of Bangladesh is Bengali, which is spoken by more than 99% of the population as their native language.[220][221] Bengali is described as a dialect continuum where there are various dialects spoken throughout the country. There is a diglossia in which much of the population can understand or speak Standard Colloquial Bengali, and their regional dialects.[222] These include Chittagonian and Sylheti,[221] though some linguists consider them as separate languages.

English plays an important role in Bangladesh’s judicial and educational affairs, due to the country’s history as part of the British Empire. It is widely spoken and commonly understood, and is taught as a compulsory subject in all schools, colleges and universities, while the English-medium educational system is widely attended.[223]

Tribal languages, although increasingly endangered, include the Chakma language, another native Eastern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the Chakma people. Others are Garo, Meitei, Kokborok and Rakhine. Among the Austroasiatic languages, the most spoken is the Santali language, native to the Santal people.[224]

The stranded Pakistanis and some sections of the Old Dhaka sites often use Urdu as their native tongue. Still, the usage of the latter remains highly reproached.

 

Bangladesh was constitutionally proclaimed as a secular state in 1972. Secularism is one of its four founding constitutional principles. The constitution also grants freedom of religion, while establishing Islam as the state religion.[227][228][229][230] The constitution bans religion-based politics and discrimination, and proclaims equal recognition of people adhering to all faiths.[231] Islam is the largest religion across the country, being followed by about 91.1% of the population.[211][232][233] The vast majority of Bangladeshi citizens are Bengali Muslims, adhering to Sunni Islam. The country is the third-most populous Muslim-majority state in the world and has the fourth-largest overall Muslim population.[234]

Before the partition of India in 1941, Hindus formed 28% of the population. Mass exodus of Hindu-refugees from the then East Pakistan to India took place during the 1971 Bangladesh War of Independence, due to Pakistan Army’s genocidal onslaught. After the formation of Bangladesh, the Hindus constituted 13.50% in 1974. In 2022, Hinduism is followed by 7.9% of the population,[211][232][233] mainly by the Bengali Hindus, who form the country’s second-largest religious group and the third-largest Hindu community globally, after India and Nepal. Buddhism is the third-largest religion, at 0.6% of the population. Bangladeshi Buddhists are concentrated among the tribal ethnic groups in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. At the same time, coastal Chittagong is home to many Bengali Buddhists. Christianity is the fourth-largest religion at 0.3%, followed mainly by a small Bengali Christian minority. 0.1% of the population practices other religions like Animism or is irreligious.

 

The constitution states that all children shall receive free and compulsory education.[236] Education in Bangladesh is overseen by the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Primary and Mass Education is responsible for implementing policy for primary education and state-funded schools at a local level. Primary and secondary education is compulsory, and is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools. Bangladesh has a literacy rate of 74.7% per cent as of 2019: 77.4% for males and 71.9% for females.[237][238] The country’s educational system is three-tiered and heavily subsidised, with the government operating many schools at the primary, secondary and higher secondary levels and subsidising many private schools. In the tertiary education sector, the Bangladeshi government funds over 45 state universities[239] through the University Grants Commission (UGC), created by Presidential Order 10 in 1973

 

In rural Bangladesh, several traditional indigenous sports such as Kabaddi, Boli Khela, Lathi Khela and Nouka Baich remain fairly popular. While Kabaddi is the national sport,[318] Cricket is the most popular sport in the country. The national cricket team participated in their first Cricket World Cup in 1999 and the following year was granted Test cricket status. Bangladesh reached the quarter-final of the 2015 Cricket World Cup, the semi-final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and they reached the final of the Asia Cup 3 times – in 2012, 2016, and 2018. Shakib Al Hasan is widely regarded as one of the greatest All-rounders in the history of Cricket and as one of the greatest Bangladeshi sportsman ever.[319][320][321][322][323][324] On 9 February 2020, the Bangladesh youth national cricket team won the men’s Under-19 Cricket World Cup, held in South Africa. This was Bangladesh’s first World Cup victory.[325][326] In 2018, the Bangladesh women’s national cricket team won the 2018 Women’s Twenty20 Asia Cup defeating India women’s national cricket team in the final.